Connective and other mesenchymal tissues with their stains

Introduction

  1. Connective aur dusre mesenchymal tissues body ke chaar basic tissue types me se ek hai, jo epithelial, muscular, aur nervous tissues ke saath aata hai.
  2. Yeh primarily body ke structure aur function ko support dene, tissues aur organs ko connect aur bind karne ka kaam karta hai.
  3. Connective tissue cells aur extracellular matrix (ECM) se bana hota hai, jisme fibers (collagen, elastic, reticulin) aur ground substance hota hai.
  4. Mesenchymal tissues connective tissues ka ek subset hote hain, jo mesodermal progenitor cells se embryogenesis ke dauran develop hote hain.
  5. Yeh tissues bones, cartilage, tendons, aur muscles jaise body structures ke formation mein important hote hain.
  6. Mesenchymal tissues tissue repair aur regeneration mein bhi important role play karte hain poori life ke dauran.


Features of Connective aur Mesenchymal Tissues

  • Cells: Connective aur mesenchymal tissues me fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes, aur macrophages cells hote hain.

  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM): ECM fibers (collagen, elastic, reticulin) aur ground substance se bana hota hai. ECM ki composition tissue ki mechanical properties determine karti hai, jaise bones me rigidity ya ligaments me elasticity.

  • Fibers:

    • Collagen fibers: Yeh tensile strength aur structural integrity provide karte hain.

    • Elastic fibers: Yeh elasticity provide karte hain, jo tissues ko stretch aur apni original shape me wapas aane ka chance dete hain.

    • Reticulin fibers: Yeh delicate mesh banate hain, jo organs jaise liver, spleen, aur lymph nodes ko support karte hain.


Types of Connective Tissues

Connective tissues ko broadly do categories mein classify kiya ja sakta hai:

  1. Loose Connective Tissue: Isme areolar, adipose, aur reticular tissue aate hain. Yeh tissues cushioning aur support provide karte hain.

  2. Dense Connective Tissue: Isme zyada collagen fibers hote hain aur yeh strength aur flexibility provide karte hain. Yeh tendons aur ligaments mein paaye jaate hain.

  3. Specialized Connective Tissues: Jaise cartilage, bone, aur blood, jo specific functions perform karte hain.


Staining Methods

Periodic Acid-Methenamine Silver Microwave Method

  • Fixative: 10% neutral buffered formalin preferred hai. Mercury-containing fixatives nahi recommend kiye jaate.

  • Sections: Paraffin-processed tissue ko 2 μm tak cut kiya jaata hai.

Solutions:

  • Stock Methenamine Silver:

    • 3% aqueous methenamine – 400 ml

    • 5% aqueous silver nitrate – 20 ml

    • Refrigerate at 4°C.

  • 5% Borax (Sodium Borate) Solution

  • Working Methenamine Silver Solution:

    • Stock methenamine silver – 25 ml

    • Distilled water – 25 ml

    • 5% borax – 2 ml

  • 1% Periodic Acid Solution

  • 0.2% Gold Chloride Solution:

    • 1% gold chloride – 1 ml

    • Distilled water – 49 ml

  • Stock Light Green Solution:

    • Light green SF (yellowish) – 1 g

    • Distilled water – 500 ml

    • Glacial acetic acid – 1 ml

  • Working Light Green Solution:

    • Light green stock solution – 10 ml

    • Distilled water – 50 ml

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karke distilled water mein rehydrate karen.

  2. 1% periodic acid solution mein 15 minutes tak rakhen.

  3. Distilled water mein rinse karen.

  4. 50 ml methenamine working solution mein 5 slides ko rakhkar microwave karein. 70 seconds ke liye microwave karen.

  5. Desired staining intensity achieve hone tak 15-20 minutes lagte hain.

  6. Rinse slides in heated distilled water.

  7. Tone sections ko 0.02% gold chloride mein 30 seconds ke liye.

  8. Rinse in distilled water.

  9. 2% sodium thiosulfate se 1 minute tak treat karen.

  10. Tap water se wash karein.

  11. Counterstain working light green solution mein 1.5 minutes tak karein.

  12. Dehydrate with two changes of 95% aur absolute alcohol.

  13. Xylene se clear karen aur synthetic resin se mount karen.

Results:

  • Basement membrane: Black

  • Background: Green


Van Gieson Technique

  • Sections: Paraffin. Double embedding celloidin ya low-viscosity nitrocellulose (LVN) sections mein hota hai.

Van Gieson Solution:

  • Saturated aqueous picric acid solution – 50 ml

  • 1% aqueous acid fuchsin solution – 9 ml

  • Distilled water – 50 ml

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. Nuclei ko celestine blue-hematoxylin sequence se stain karein.

  3. Tap water mein wash karein.

  4. Acid alcohol mein differentiate karen.

  5. Achhe se tap water mein wash karein.

  6. Van Gieson solution mein 3 minutes tak stain karein.

  7. Dehydrate karen through ascending grades of alcohol.

  8. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting medium mein mount karein.

Results:

  • Nuclei: Blue/black

  • Collagen: Red

  • Other tissues: Yellow


Masson Trichrome Technique

  • Fixation: Formal sublimate ya formal saline.

Preparation of Solutions:

  • Solution A:

    • Acid fuchsin – 0.5 g

    • Glacial acetic acid – 0.5 ml

    • Distilled water – 100 ml

  • Solution B:

    • Phosphomolybdic acid – 1 g

    • Distilled water – 100 ml

  • Solution C:

    • Methyl blue – 2 g

    • Glacial acetic acid – 2.5 ml

    • Distilled water – 100 ml

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. Mercury pigment ko iodine aur sodium thiosulfate sequence se remove karen.

  3. Tap water mein wash karein.

  4. Nuclei ko celestine blue-hematoxylin method se stain karein.

  5. 1% acid alcohol se differentiate karein.

  6. Wash well in tap water.

  7. Acid fuchsin solution mein 5 minutes ke liye stain karein.

  8. Rinse in distilled water.

  9. Phosphomolybdic acid solution B mein 5 minutes ke liye treat karen.

  10. Drain karein.

  11. Methyl blue solution C mein 2–5 minutes tak stain karen.

  12. Rinse in distilled water.

  13. 1% acetic acid mein 2 minutes tak treat karen.

  14. Dehydrate through ascending grades of alcohol.

  15. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting medium mein mount karen.

Results:

  • Nuclei: Blue/black

  • Cytoplasm, muscle, aur erythrocytes: Red

  • Collagen: Blue


Verhöeff’s Method for Elastic Fibers

  • Preparation of Stain:

    • Solution A: Hematoxylin – 5 g, Absolute alcohol – 100 ml

    • Solution B: Ferric chloride – 10 g, Distilled water – 100 ml

    • Solution C, Lugol’s iodine: Iodine – 1 g, Potassium iodide – 2 g, Distilled water – 100 ml

    • Verhöeff’s Solution: Mix Solution A (20 ml), Solution B (8 ml), Solution C (8 ml).

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. Verhöeff’s solution mein 15–30 minutes ke liye stain karen.

  3. Water mein rinse karein.

  4. 2% aqueous ferric chloride mein differentiate karen jab tak elastic fibers black na ho jayein.

  5. Water mein rinse karein.

  6. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting medium mein mount karen.

Results:

  • Elastic tissue fibers: Black

  • Other tissues (counterstain ke according)


Aldehyde Fuchsin Method for Elastic Fibers

  • Preparation of Staining Solution:

    • 1 g basic fuchsin ko 100 ml 70% ethanol mein dissolve karen.

    • 1 ml concentrated HCl aur 2 ml paraldehyde add karen.

    • 2 din ke liye room temperature par rakhen.

    • Solution ka color change hoga red se purple mein.

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. 1% potassium permanganate mein 5 minutes ke liye oxidize karen.

  3. Tap water mein rinse karen.

  4. 1% oxalic acid se permanganate staining remove karen.

  5. Tap water mein rinse karen.

  6. 70% ethanol mein rinse karen.

  7. Sealed container mein aldehyde fuchsin mein 15 minutes tak rakhkar stain karein.

  8. 70% ethanol mein rinse karen.

  9. Tap water mein rinse karen.

  10. Counterstain eosin, van Gieson ya neutral red ke saath kar sakte hain.

  11. Alcohol se dehydrate karein.

  12. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting solution mein mount karen.

Results:

  • Elastic tissue fibers: Blue-purple


Gordon & Sweets’ Method for Reticular Fibers

  • Preparation of Silver Solution:

    • 5 ml 10% aqueous silver nitrate mein concentrated ammonia drop by drop add karein.

    • Add 5 ml 3% sodium hydroxide solution.

    • Solution ko 50 ml distilled water se volume tak le aayein.

    • Filter karen aur dark plastic bottle mein store karein.

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. 1% potassium permanganate solution mein 5 minutes ke liye treat karen.

  3. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  4. 1% oxalic acid solution se bleach karein.

  5. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  6. 2.5% iron alum solution mein 15 minutes tak treat karen.

  7. Distilled water se wash karen.

  8. Silver solution mein 2 minutes ke liye treat karen.

  9. Distilled water se rinse karein.

  10. 10% aqueous formalin solution mein 2 minutes tak reduce karen.

  11. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  12. 0.2% gold chloride solution mein 3 minutes ke liye tone karen.

  13. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  14. 5% sodium thiosulfate solution se 3 minutes ke liye treat karen.

  15. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  16. Counterstain as desired.

  17. Alcohol se dehydrate karein.

  18. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting medium mein mount karen.

Results:

  • Reticular fibers: Black

  • Nuclei: Black ya unstained


Gomori’s Method for Reticular Fibers

  • Preparation of Silver Solution:

    • 40 ml 10% silver nitrate solution mein 10 ml 10% potassium hydroxide solution add karen.

    • Precipitate settle karne de aur supernatant decant karein.

    • Ammonia drop by drop add karein until precipitate dissolve ho jaye.

    • 10% silver nitrate solution aur distilled water se dilute karen.

Method:

  1. Sections ko deparaffinize karen aur water mein le aayein.

  2. 1% potassium permanganate solution mein 2 minutes ke liye treat karen.

  3. Tap water mein rinse karen.

  4. 2% potassium metabisulfate solution se bleach karen.

  5. Tap water mein rinse karen.

  6. 2% iron alum solution mein 2 minutes tak treat karen.

  7. Distilled water se wash karen.

  8. Silver solution mein 1 minute ke liye treat karen.

  9. Distilled water se rinse karein.

  10. 4% aqueous formalin solution mein 3 minutes ke liye reduce karen.

  11. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  12. 0.2% gold chloride solution mein 10 minutes tak tone karen.

  13. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  14. 2% potassium metabisulfate solution mein 1 minute ke liye treat karen.

  15. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  16. 2% sodium thiosulfate solution mein 1 minute ke liye treat karen.

  17. Tap water mein rinse karein.

  18. Counterstain as desired.

  19. Alcohol se dehydrate karen.

  20. Xylene se clear karen aur permanent mounting medium mein mount karen.

Results:

  • Reticular fibers: Black

  • Nuclei: Gray

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